B000010: mudanças entre as edições

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|data=$a Abstract: Understanding the ideas of democracy in modernity means understanding the social formation of modernity itself. Several descriptive forms have been elaborated to comprehend the processes of formation, consolidation, and erosion of democracy, but always following minimalist criteria or incurring a dichotomy between autocracy and democracy. The present thesis is based on the idea that the forms of evaluation and classification of political regimes suffer from analytical deficits that do not take into account the structural asymmetries of world society. Thus, making use of the theory of social systems developed by Niklas Luhmann, as well as authors who work in the same framework, the concept of under-democracy was developed throughout this research as a distortion of the secondary codification that the legal system makes on the political, as a result of allopoietic influxes in the mentioned systems. Attending the spatial delimitation to the Brazilian case and the temporal scope of what is called the Trump Effect, the first chapter tried to discuss the systems of law and politics under the prism of systems theory, identifying some operational concepts necessary for a better understanding of the theory, as well as introducing the idea of modernity and world society, culminating in the understanding of democracy in that theoretical reference. In the second chapter, we worked on the development of the concept of democracy along its course throughout history, making a differentiation between how democracy was seen by the Greeks and by the moderns (especially in the context of the French Revolution and the Independence of the 13 Colonies). After this, the unfolding of democracy in modernity was introduced, in such a way that it was verified that democracy started to guide predominantly the structure of the political system, as well as its evolutionary acquisitions. Next, the idea of democracy in its peripheral modernity was worked on, and how it acts differently from what is seen in the center of world society. Moreover, it is shown how populism, which has been gaining strength in recent years, acts as a form of implosion of the mechanisms of circulation and countercirculation of power, leading to the reconfiguration of the political system, which is no longer guided by the criteria of government/opposition and starts to be guided by the friend/enemy code, and how this can have more serious consequences, such as the state of exception and authoritarianism. The last chapter works more directly with the proposal of under-democracy, contrasting it with other forms of classification of political regimes (hybrid regimes, pseudodemocracy, semi-democracy, and anocracy). Through factual analysis, focusing on the Brazilian case, it was verified that the hypothesis of under-democracy as a distortion in the secondary codification is more viable for the observation of countries inserted in a context of peripheral modernity.

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